Oracle首席顾问的k3s之旅：在笔记本上使用Ubuntu和k3s快速启动VM

Marc Lameriks

1995年进入甲骨文工作，现在是Oracle SOA首席顾问，专注于Oracle Cloud、Kubernetes、Docker等方面。

我一直在研究minikube，因此出于训练和演示的原因，在我自己的Windows笔记本上已经装好合适的环境，该环境在Oracle VirtualBox设备中有Guest OS、Docker和Minikube。该demo环境使用Vagrantfile、脚本以及Kubernetes manifest（yaml）文件。那么，这一次我将使用k3s来进行demo。

在本文中，我将展示详细的操作步骤——借助Vagrant在Oracle VirtualBox设备中，将k3s和Kubernetes Dashboard一起安装到Ubuntu Guest OS上。

安装k3s

根据官网（k3s.io）的介绍，安装k3s的过程将不会花费很长时间：

curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -
 # Check for Ready node, 
 takes maybe 30 seconds
 k3s kubectl get node

根据文档，使用以下命令（以及环境变量INSTALL_K3S_VERSION）来指定从github下载的k3s的特定版本：

curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_VERSION=v1.0.1 sh -

在设置我的demo环境之前，先来看看k3s的要求：

操作系统

K3s应该可以在所有Linux版本上运行。但是，k3s已在以下操作系统及其随后的非主要版本中进行了测试：

• Ubuntu 16.04 (amd64)
• Ubuntu 18.04 (amd64)
• Raspbian Buster (armhf)

硬件设备

硬件需求根据deployment的大小进行扩展。此处概述了最低要求的建议：

• RAM：512MB
• CPU：1核

关于k3s的版本，我选择了撰写文章时的最新版本v1.0.1。

Vagrantfile

根据k3s对操作系统的要求，我使用了Vagrant Box搜索页面来搜索Ubuntu 18.04 Vagrant Box (for VirtualBox)。

选择ubuntu/bionic64

在我现有的demo环境中，我将Vagrantfile的内容改为：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
  
  config.vm.define "ubuntu_k3s" do |ubuntu_k3s|
  
    config.vm.network "forwarded_port",
      guest: 8001,
      host:  8001,
      auto_correct: true
     
    config.vm.network "forwarded_port",
      guest: 9110,
      host:  9110,
      auto_correct: true
      
    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "Ubuntu k3s"
        vb.memory = "8192"
        vb.cpus = "1"
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "shell",
          path: "scripts/k3s.sh",
          args: args
    end
    
  end

end

在脚本目录中，我创建了一个文件k3s.sh，其内容如下：

#!/bin/bash
echo "**** Begin installing k3s"

#Install
curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_VERSION=v1.0.1 sh -

echo "**** End installing k3s"

从Windows笔记本电脑上名为env的子目录中，打开Windows命令提示符（cmd）并键入：vagrant up

该命令根据您的Vagrantfile创建和配置Guest machine。

以下为输出（仅展示k3s的部分）：

ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin installing k3s
…
ubuntu_k3s: **** End installing k3s
ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin installing k3s
…
ubuntu_k3s: **** End installing k3s
ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin installing k3s
…
ubuntu_k3s: **** End installing k3s

我发现配置shell脚本已经运行了很多次。由于我最近将vagrant升级到2.2.6，所以可能与升级有关。以下是我找到的解决方案：

该错误本身是由于您的配置块没有名称。如果您不希望它们运行两次，则可以通过给它一个类似的名称来修复它：

config.vm.provision “my shell script”, type: “shell”, ….

所以，我将Vagrantfile更改为：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
  
  config.vm.define "ubuntu_k3s" do |ubuntu_k3s|
  
    config.vm.network "forwarded_port",
      guest: 8001,
      host:  8001,
      auto_correct: true
      
    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "Ubuntu k3s"
        vb.memory = "8192"
        vb.cpus = "1"
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "k3s shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/k3s.sh",
          args: args
    end
    
  end

end

为了停止正在运行的计算机并破坏其资源，我在Windows命令提示符处使用了以下命令：

vagrant destroy

会产生以下输出：

    ubuntu_k3s: Are you sure you want to destroy the ‘ubuntu_k3s’ VM? [y/N] y
==> ubuntu_k3s: Forcing shutdown of VM…
==> ubuntu_k3s: Destroying VM and associated drives…

该命令将会停止正在运行的Vagrant管理的计算机，并销毁在计算机创建过程中创建的所有资源。运行此命令后，你的计算机应处于干净状态，就好像你之前从未创建过Guest machine一样。

再次从Windows笔记本电脑上名为env的子目录中，打开Windows命令提示符（cmd）并键入：vagrant up

关于ubuntu / bionic64的版本，输出如下：

==> ubuntu_k3s: Checking if box ‘ubuntu/bionic64’ version ‘20191218.0.0’ is up to date…
==> ubuntu_k3s: A newer version of the box ‘ubuntu/bionic64’ for provider ‘virtualbox’ is
==> ubuntu_k3s: available! You currently have version ‘20191218.0.0’. The latest is version
==> ubuntu_k3s: ‘20200107.0.0’. Run `vagrant box update` to update.

会产生以下输出（仅展示k3s的部分）：

   ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin installing k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Using v1.0.1 as release
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Downloading hash https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.0.1/sha256sum-amd64.txt
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Downloading binary https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.0.1/k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Verifying binary download
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Installing k3s to /usr/local/bin/k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/kubectl symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/crictl symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/ctr symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating killall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-killall.sh
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating uninstall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-uninstall.sh
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  env: Creating environment file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.env
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Creating service file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Enabling k3s unit
    ubuntu_k3s: Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/k3s.service ? /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Starting k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: **** End installing k3s

由于有关ubuntu / bionic64版本的警告，我在Windows命令提示符中使用了提到的命令：

vagrant box update

产生以下输出：

==> ubuntu_k3s: Checking for updates to ‘ubuntu/bionic64’
    ubuntu_k3s: Latest installed version: 20191218.0.0
    ubuntu_k3s: Version constraints:
    ubuntu_k3s: Provider: virtualbox
==> ubuntu_k3s: Updating ‘ubuntu/bionic64’ with provider ‘virtualbox’ from version
==> ubuntu_k3s: ‘20191218.0.0’ to ‘20200107.0.0’…
==> ubuntu_k3s: Loading metadata for box ‘https://vagrantcloud.com/ubuntu/bionic64’
==> ubuntu_k3s: Adding box ‘ubuntu/bionic64’ (v20200107.0.0) for provider: virtualbox
    ubuntu_k3s: Downloading: https://vagrantcloud.com/ubuntu/boxes/bionic64/versions/20200107.0.0/providers/virtualbox.box
    ubuntu_k3s: Download redirected to host: cloud-images.ubuntu.com
    ubuntu_k3s:
==> ubuntu_k3s: Successfully added box ‘ubuntu/bionic64’ (v20200107.0.0) for ‘virtualbox’!

我使用了vagrant ssh连接到正在运行的VM并开始做一些事情。

接下来，我在Linux命令提示符上使用了以下命令：

kubectl get nodes

产生以下输出：

WARN[2020-01-12T13:36:33.705394309Z] Unable to read /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml, please start server with –write-kubeconfig-mode to modify kube config permissions
error: error loading config file “/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml”: open /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml: permission denied

备注：

在k3s（k3s kubectl get node）的起始页上提到的命令会导致相同的错误消息。这是因为在此情况下，当前用户（通过whoami命令）是：vagrant

一旦安装了k3s，我将使用以下命令（也可以在文档中找到）:

sudo kubectl get nodes

产生以下输出：

NAME            STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ubuntu-bionic   Ready    master   10m   v1.16.3-k3s.2

根据文档，将kubeconfig文件写入/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml，然后自动启动或重新启动服务。安装脚本将安装k3s和其他实用程序，例如kubectl、crictl、k3s-killall.sh和k3s-uninstall.sh。

接下来，我使用以下命令：

cd /etc/rancher/k3s

ls -latr

产生以下输出：

total 12
-rw——- 1 root root 1052 Jan 12 10:16 k3s.yaml
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 12 10:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan 12 10:16 ..

接下来，我使用以下命令来查看k3s.yaml文件中的内容：

sudo cat k3s.yaml

产生以下输出：

apiVersion: v1
clusters:
– cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: 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
    server: https://127.0.0.1:6443
  name: default
contexts:
– context:
    cluster: default
    user: default
  name: default
current-context: default
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
– name: default
  user:
    password: 1f0b266cfdd8e11a9af1a6e262b09746
    username: admin

Kubectl配置

接下来，我们着重关注一下配置。

默认情况下，kubectl在$ HOME / .kube目录中查找名为config的文件。你可以通过设置KUBECONFIG环境变量或设置–kubeconfig标志来指定其他kubeconfig文件。

关于k3s kubectl命令，适用以下规则：

• 运行嵌入式kubectl CLI。如果未设置KUBECONFIG环境变量，它将在启动k3s服务器节点时自动尝试使用在/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml中创建的配置文件。

为了让没有root权限的用户使用具有特定配置的kubectl，根据我们之前得到的警告：

无法读取/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml，请使用–write-kubeconfig-mode启动服务器以修改kube配置权限

因此我们必须以特定的kubeconfig模式启动k3s服务器。我们可以使用k3s服务器选项write-kubeconfig-mode（客户端）以这种模式[$ K3S_KUBECONFIG_MODE]写入kubeconfig。

我看了有关使用环境变量K3S_KUBECONFIG_MODE的文档，并遇到以下示例：

curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | K3S_KUBECONFIG_MODE=”644″ sh -s –

关于chmod 644的说明：

Chmod 644（chmod a + rwx，u-x，g-wx，o-wx）设置权限，以便User（U） /Owner可以读取、写入但无法执行。群组（G）和其他人（O）可以读取、无法写入和执行。

在脚本目录中，我将文件k3s.sh更改为以下内容：

#!/bin/bash
echo "**** Begin installing k3s"

#Install
curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_VERSION=v1.0.1 K3S_KUBECONFIG_MODE="644" sh -
echo "**** End installing k3s"

为了简便起见，从此博客开始，我将不再在vagrant up命令之前提及vagrant destroy命令。

从Windows笔记本电脑上名为env的子目录中，打开Windows命令提示符（cmd）并键入：vagrant up

产生以下输出（仅显示关于k3s的部分）：

   ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin installing k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Using v1.0.1 as release
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Downloading hash https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.0.1/sha256sum-amd64.txt
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Downloading binary https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.0.1/k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Verifying binary download
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Installing k3s to /usr/local/bin/k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/kubectl symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/crictl symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating /usr/local/bin/ctr symlink to k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating killall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-killall.sh
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  Creating uninstall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-uninstall.sh
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  env: Creating environment file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.env
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Creating service file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Enabling k3s unit
    ubuntu_k3s: Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/k3s.service ? /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.
    ubuntu_k3s: [INFO]  systemd: Starting k3s
    ubuntu_k3s: **** End installing k3s

因此，一旦安装了k3s，我就使用vagrant ssh打开一个Linux命令提示符，在其中使用以下命令：

kubectl get nodes

产生以下输出：

NAME            STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ubuntu-bionic   Ready    master   49s   v1.16.3-k3s.2

接下来，我将使用以下命令：

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

产生以下输出：

NAMESPACE     NAME                                      READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   local-path-provisioner-58fb86bdfd-g68v5   1/1     Running     0          76s
kube-system   metrics-server-6d684c7b5-4zrgx            1/1     Running     0          75s
kube-system   coredns-d798c9dd-szfg7                    1/1     Running     0          76s
kube-system   helm-install-traefik-xg2zd                0/1     Completed   0          76s
kube-system   svclb-traefik-frjb9                       3/3     Running     0          32s
kube-system   traefik-65bccdc4bd-rxlv4                  1/1     Running     0          32s

使用命令：

cd /etc/rancher/k3s

ls -latr

产生输出：

total 12
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 1052 Jan 12 14:40 k3s.yaml
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 12 14:40 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan 12 14:40 ..

现在，我们改变了k3s.yaml的权限。

Kubernetes Web UI (Dashboard)

现在，让我们尝试通过dashboard与Kubernetes集群进行交互。

默认情况下，Dashboard UI不会被部署。要部署它，请运行以下命令：

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0-beta4/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

你可以通过运行以下命令来使用kubectl命令行工具访问Dashboard：

kubectl proxy

Kubectl将在以下位置提供dashboard：

http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/

只能从执行命令的计算机上访问UI。有关更多选项，请参见kubectl proxy –help。

由于演示环境的设置，简单地使用kubectl代理是行不通的，所以我再次使用：

kubectl proxy --address='0.0.0.0' </dev/null &>/dev/null &

在脚本目录中，我创建了一个包含以下内容的文件dashboard.sh：

#!/bin/bash

echo "**** Begin preparing dashboard"

echo "**** Install Kubernetes Dashboard"
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0-beta4/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
kubectl proxy --address='0.0.0.0' /dev/null &

echo "**** End preparing dashboard"

我将Vagrantfile的内容更改为：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
  
  config.vm.define "ubuntu_k3s" do |ubuntu_k3s|
  
    config.vm.network "forwarded_port",
      guest: 8001,
      host:  8001,
      auto_correct: true
      
    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "Ubuntu k3s"
        vb.memory = "8192"
        vb.cpus = "1"
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "k3s shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/k3s.sh",
          args: args
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "dashboard shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/dashboard.sh",
          args: args
    end
    
  end

end

在Linux命令提示符中，输入：exit

然后，我打开一个Windows命令提示符（cmd）并键入：vagrant up

产生以下输出（仅显示有关dashboard的部分）：

  ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin preparing dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Install Kubernetes Dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: namespace/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: service/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-csrf created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder created
    ubuntu_k3s: configmap/kubernetes-dashboard-settings created
    ubuntu_k3s: role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: service/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
    ubuntu_k3s: deployment.apps/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
    ubuntu_k3s: **** End preparing dashboard

在Linux命令提示符上，我使用了以下命令：

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

产生以下输出：

NAMESPACE              NAME                                         READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system            local-path-provisioner-58fb86bdfd-g68v5      1/1     Running     0          13m
kube-system            metrics-server-6d684c7b5-4zrgx               1/1     Running     0          13m
kube-system            coredns-d798c9dd-szfg7                       1/1     Running     0          13m
kube-system            helm-install-traefik-xg2zd                   0/1     Completed   0          13m
kube-system            svclb-traefik-frjb9                          3/3     Running     0          12m
kube-system            traefik-65bccdc4bd-rxlv4                     1/1     Running     0          12m
kubernetes-dashboard   dashboard-metrics-scraper-566cddb686-5wvcx   1/1     Running     0          9m38s
kubernetes-dashboard   kubernetes-dashboard-7b5bf5d559-tn4rh        1/1     Running     0          9m38s

在浏览器上我输入以下URL：

http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/

显示以下界面：

因此我需要一个token。我找到了一个示例（和dashboard相关）来创建ServiceAccount和ClusterRoleBinding manifest文件。首先创建了一个服务用户，并且完成了对角色cluster-admin的角色绑定（该角色在k3s中默认不存在）：

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kube-system
---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kube-system

该示例还提供了有关如何获取允许我登录到dashboard的token的信息：

kubectl -n kube-system describe secret $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')

基于以上示例，我在yaml目录中添加了一个文件serviceaccount-k3s.yaml，内容如下：

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

我将以下内容添加到yaml目录中的文件clusterrolebinding-k3s.yaml：

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

结果，命令kubectl -n kube-system get secret包含一长串密钥信息。因此，我想使用另一个命名空间，以便更轻松地确定允许我登录到dashboard的token。我选择使用命名空间kubernetes-dashboard，因为该命名空间是在安装Kubernetes dashboard时创建的。参见上面的输出。

在脚本目录中，我将文件dashboard.sh更改为以下内容：

#!/bin/bash

echo "**** Begin preparing dashboard"

echo "**** Install Kubernetes Dashboard"
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0-beta4/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

#Create Helm chart
echo "**** Create Helm chart"
cd /vagrant
cd helmcharts
rm -rf /vagrant/helmcharts/k3s-chart/*
helm create k3s-chart

rm -rf /vagrant/helmcharts/k3s-chart/templates/*
cp /vagrant/yaml/*k3s.yaml /vagrant/helmcharts/k3s-chart/templates

# Install Helm chart
cd /vagrant
cd helmcharts
echo "**** Install Helm chart k3s-chart"
helm install k3s-release ./k3s-chart

# Wait 30 seconds
echo "**** Waiting 30 seconds ..."
sleep 30

#List helm releases
echo "**** List helm releases"
helm list -d

#List secrets
echo "**** List secrets with namespace kubernetes-dashboard"
kubectl get secrets --namespace kubernetes-dashboard

echo "**** Describe secret with namespace kubernetes-dashboard"
kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')

kubectl proxy --address='0.0.0.0' /dev/null &

echo "**** End preparing dashboard"

因为现在使用的是Helm 3.0.2版，所以我需要进行一些更改。使用以下命令确定更改的版本：

helm version

产生输出：

version.BuildInfo{Version:”v3.0.2″, GitCommit:”19e47ee3283ae98139d98460de796c1be1e3975f”, GitTreeState:”clean”, GoVersion:”go1.13.5″}

使用helm install ./k3s-chart –name k3s-release导致以下结果：

Error: unknown flag: –name

因此，我将其更改为：helm install k3s-release ./k3s-chart

因为我想使用Helm，所以我将Vagrantfile的内容更改为：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
  
  config.vm.define "ubuntu_k3s" do |ubuntu_k3s|
  
    config.vm.network "forwarded_port",
      guest: 8001,
      host:  8001,
      auto_correct: true
      
    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "Ubuntu k3s"
        vb.memory = "8192"
        vb.cpus = "1"
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "k3s shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/k3s.sh",
          args: args
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "helm shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/helm.sh",
          args: args
        
      args = []
      config.vm.provision "dashboard shell script", type: "shell",
          path: "scripts/dashboard.sh",
          args: args
    end
    
  end

end

我再次打开Windows命令提示符（cmd）并键入：vagrant up

产生以下输出（仅显示有关dashboard的部分）：

   ubuntu_k3s: **** Begin preparing dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Install Kubernetes Dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: namespace/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: service/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-csrf created
    ubuntu_k3s: secret/kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder created
    ubuntu_k3s: configmap/kubernetes-dashboard-settings created
    ubuntu_k3s: role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
    ubuntu_k3s: service/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
    ubuntu_k3s: deployment.apps/dashboard-metrics-scraper created
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Create Helm chart
    ubuntu_k3s: Creating k3s-chart
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Install Helm chart k3s-chart
    ubuntu_k3s: NAME: k3s-release
    ubuntu_k3s: LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Jan 14 19:53:24 2020
    ubuntu_k3s: NAMESPACE: default
    ubuntu_k3s: STATUS: deployed
    ubuntu_k3s: REVISION: 1
    ubuntu_k3s: TEST SUITE: None
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Waiting 30 seconds …
    ubuntu_k3s: **** List helm releases
    ubuntu_k3s: NAME            NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS          CHART           APP VERSION
    ubuntu_k3s: k3s-release     default         1               2020-01-14 19:53:24.329429114 +0000 UTC deployed        k3s-chart-0.1.0 1.16.0
    ubuntu_k3s: **** List secrets with namespace kubernetes-dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: NAME
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s: TYPE
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s:   DATA   AGE
    ubuntu_k3s: default-token-l2nr4                kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      34s
    ubuntu_k3s: kubernetes-dashboard-token-54p9k   kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      34s
    ubuntu_k3s: kubernetes-dashboard-certs         Opaque                                0      34s
    ubuntu_k3s: admin-user-token-trfdn             kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      31s
    ubuntu_k3s: kubernetes-dashboard-csrf          Opaque                                1      34s
    ubuntu_k3s: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder    Opaque                                2      34s
    ubuntu_k3s: **** Describe secret with namespace kubernetes-dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: Name:         admin-user-token-trfdn
    ubuntu_k3s: Namespace:    kubernetes-dashboard
    ubuntu_k3s: Labels:       
    ubuntu_k3s: Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: admin-user
    ubuntu_k3s:               kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: b65dc46c-0833-4fcf-b833-cfec45139764
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s: Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token
    ubuntu_k3s:
    ubuntu_k3s: Data
    ubuntu_k3s: ====
    ubuntu_k3s: token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IlhyREtIa21HdlhBQVd2Nm9kTGtJU3RUTnlWWTNJaHI2blNPb3J5eWRwR2cifQ.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.bJBCZmV7oIUuljz9-I1oO71js-mAOZHc4wLaUwPayYAqAzx_kTM_oFwSEBtieFxmwYP2CTP2QJZM6G8OBGvLyUiQyRumaTavFo51Rh-eW9wSXO24p6Sf7BdQRaJsjS4lnInDGd1Ksrv-Az6LI10rrIJXHgI7jz1wNmSdSqk3OHGXgioKZL0qjlrwgS6UviTe-0geMFxvdGUogUWvShmQkR-sGRSfACYX8-RZdFSc3wRWsoIVo_4NME-q8uNm79BaP5RbPAC-z-2amVHJQUUtgs_88pY-Qu-iiDqUpC823pHYkjB65w5RICjjqlKIrWqAptT35fBFSOfrUKf_Oy483A
    ubuntu_k3s: ca.crt:     526 bytes
    ubuntu_k3s: namespace:  20 bytes
    ubuntu_k3s: **** End preparing dashboard

在笔记本电脑上的浏览器中，我输入了token的值（如上所示），然后单击“登录”按钮：

打开Kubernetes dashboard，并选择默认命名空间。

接下来，我点击到“节点”。在这里，你可以看到Kubernetes集群由一个节点组成。

最后，我将命名空间更改为kube-system，并导航到Pods，结果如下：

现在，本文的任务已经完成了！在本文中，我描述了如何使用Vagrant和shell脚本从头开始自动设置演示环境，包括在Oracle VirtualBox设备内的Ubuntu Guest OS之上的k3s、Helm和Kubernetes Dashboard。k3s确实是相对容易安装。下一步就可以开始实际使用它了。