linux 磁盘挂载

1、磁盘的格式化

1.1、查看当前文件目录

使用 df -h 命令来查看当前已经挂载的磁盘以及磁盘的信息：

root:~>df -h
文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda3       259G  229G   30G   89% /
devtmpfs         32G     0   32G    0% /dev
tmpfs            32G   16M   32G    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs            32G  3.2G   29G   11% /run
tmpfs            32G     0   32G    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       497M  191M  306M   39% /boot
tmpfs           6.3G     0  6.3G    0% /run/user/0
cm_processes     32G  2.7G   29G    9% /run/cloudera-scm-agent/process
tmpfs           6.3G   12K  6.3G    1% /run/user/42

1.2、磁盘分区

查找已经安装并且未格式化的磁盘

使用命令 fdisk -l 列出所有的磁盘，使用命令的例子以及结果如下：

root:~>fdisk -l

磁盘 /dev/sda：299.4 GB, 299439751168 字节，584843264 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型：dos
磁盘标识符：0x000de8f6

   设备 Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         1026048    42969087    20971520   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3        42969088   584843263   270937088   83  Linux

磁盘 /dev/sdb：3000.0 GB, 3000034656256 字节，5859442688 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型：gpt
Disk identifier: 69D07AFC-584D-4926-81B8-8DEF8087445F

可以看出 /dev.sdb 还没有格式化以及挂载。

格式化磁盘

在 CentOS 7.0 以后 fdisk 也支持了大磁盘的格式话。本文章是再 CentOS 7.4 上进行的。
使用 fdisk /dev/sdb 根据帮助提示分区,这里是把 /dev/sdb 分成一个区.

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0adfd119.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-6527, default 1): 
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-6527, default 6527): 
Using default value 6527

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 3000034656256 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x69D07AFC-584D-4926-81B8-8DEF8087445F

    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        6527    5859442688   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

格式化磁盘

命令 mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 分区为 ext4 的文件系统格式。

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
3276800 inodes, 13107024 blocks
655351 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
400 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
        4096000, 7962624, 11239424

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

2、挂载磁盘

2.1、手动挂载

手动挂载每次重启都需要执行一次，比较麻烦：

手动挂载步骤：

mkdir /home/data
chmod 777 /home/data

使用 mount 命令挂载

mount /dev/sdb1 /home/data

2.2、自动挂载

自动挂载不需要重启后在执行，推荐使用：

自动挂载的步骤为：